Objective To explore the correlation between cognitive manipulation impairment and perfectionism in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods Using convenience sampling method， 69 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who visited the Department of Clinical Psychology of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2022 to January 2023 were selected as the research group. During the same period， 74 normal subjects were recruited from the public in Chaoyang District， Beijing as the control group. The Chinese version of Frost's Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale （FMPS-C） and working memory cognitive manipulation task were used to measure perfectionism and cognitive manipulation function in two groups of subjects， respectively. Pearson product-moment correlation was used to analyze the correlation. Results Sixty-five patients in the study group and 69 in the control group were included. The total FMPS-C score and non-adaptive dimension score of the research group were higher than those of the control group， while the adaptive dimension score was lower than that of the control group， and the differences were statistically significant （all P＜ 0.01）. When the prompt condition was "opposite"， there was a statistically significant difference in the responses of the two groups to the three words of neutral， positive and negative （F=8.943， P ＜ 0.01）. The pairwise comparison results showed that， the response of the patients in the study group was higher than that in the control group under neutral， positive， and negative stimuli， and the differences were statistically significant （all P ＜ 0.05）. When the cue condition was "opposite"， the response time of negative words in the study group was longer than that of positive and neutral words （all P＜ 0.05）. Under neutral， positive， and negative stimuli， there was a statistically significant difference in the sorting cost values between the two groups （F=24.378， P＜ 0.001）. The pairwise comparison results showed that， the sorting cost values of the study group patients under neutral， positive， and negative stimuli were statistically higher than those of the control group （all P ＜ 0.05）. The sorting cost value of patients in the study group under negative stimuli was higher than that under neutral and positive stimuli， and the difference was statistically significant （all P＜ 0.01）. Under the neutral stimuli， the sorting cost value of the study group patients was positively correlated with the non-adaptive dimension score， and the difference was statistically significant （r=0.18， P ＜ 0.05）. Under the negative stimuli， the sorting cost value of the study group patients was positively correlated with FMPS-C score and non-adaptive dimension score， and the difference was statistically significant （r=0.23， 0.24； P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder have significant difficulties in cognitive manipulation function， especially in processing negative stimuli， and this cognitive manipulation difficulty is positively correlated with non-adaptive perfectionism.