Vascular cognitive impairment， as one of the results of disability caused by cerebrovascular disease， is second most common cause of age-related cognitive impairment and dementia. At present， there is no effective treatment for vascular dementia. Vascular mild cognitive impairment（ VaMCI）， as an early stage of vascular dementia（ VaD）， is considered to be a critical period for clinical treatment and prevention of dementia. It is also a hot topic in the study of vascular cognitive impairment. In recent years， the rapid development of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging（ rs-fMRI） and its wide application in cognitive field have enabled us to understand the changes in neural structure， function， metabolism and so on in VaMCI patients for early diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. The use of rs-fMRI for this disease and its use in conjunction with neuropsychological assessment to diagnose VaMCI will be a future trend.