Oligodendrocytes are the cells that form the myelin sheath of the central nervous system. Studies have shown that the cytoskeleton of oligodendrocytes plays an important role in the formation of myelin sheath. Myelin loss due to the unique vulnerability of oligodendrocytes plays a central role in some diseases. Myelin basic protein （MBP）， myelin related glycoprotein （MAG）， OLIG2 and other proteins are correlated with myelin injury. Myelin injury is associated with diseases such as optic neuromyelitis， multiple sclerosis， alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases， as well as depression. Posttraumatic stress disorder （PTSD） as a kind of neuropsychiatric diseases， its pathogenesis， treatment and prognosis have attracted the attention of many scholars in recent years， but the related factors still need to be further explored and studied. This paper will look at the effects of myelin formation and injury on the development and recovery of PTSD from the aspects of myelin formation， the mechanism of myelin injury related diseases， and the specific changes of various indicators in the diseases corresponding to myelin injury.