Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome （OSAHS） is a sleep disorder. It is known that age （65 years or older）， male， obesity and abnormal airway anatomy can lead to the pathogenesis of OSAHS， but the etiology and pathogenesis of cognitive and behavioral damage caused by OSAHS are still unclear. In recent years， studies have found that the prefrontal cortex is closely related to the occurrence of cognitive and behavioral damage of OSAHS. Timely detection of specific damage in prefrontal cortex can be used as an early biomarker. Pathological changes in OSAHS interact with prefrontal cortex injury to form a vicious circle and promote the progress of cognitive and behavioral damage in OSAHS. The changes of molecular level and microstructure of prefrontal cortex in preclinical and clinical stages can be found by neuroelectrophysiological and neuroimaging techniques. This paper briefly describes the progress of the mechanism and detection methods of prefrontal cortex in OSAHS cognitive and behavioral damage in recent years， and discusses the future research direction.