Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental health conditions globally， and their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The general consensus is that the etiology of anxiety disorders is strongly related to the interaction of genetic variables， neurobiological alterations， environmental impacts， and psychosocial factors. The lateral septum， which is an important component of the limbic system， integrates diverse information related to emotion， motivation， and reward. Its role in the regulation of anxietylike behaviors has long been a focus of research. This paper reviews the mechanisms of the lateral septum in the regulation of anxiety-like behaviors. The goal is to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders and identify potential therapeutic targets， thereby providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of anxiety disorders.