Abstract:Objective To explore the links between violence and the characteristics of State-Trait anger， coping style in high school students. Methods Totally 1 403 high school students from Grade One and Two of two high school in Pudong New District in Shanghai were selected in September 2010. The method of combining student self-report with head teacher-evaluation was used to screen violent behaviors. They were assessed with State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for Children and Adolescent（ STAXI-CA） and Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire（ SCSQ）. Results The prevalence of violence among students was 7.7%（ 108/ 1 403）， and with higher rate in boys than in girls（ 6.8% vs 0.9%，P＜0.05）. In boys， violent group got higher scores in State-anger， Trait-anger and Anger-expression/out than non-violent group（ P＜0.05）， but lower scores in Anger-control/in（ P＜0.05）. In girls， violent group got higher scores in State-anger（ P＜0.05）. The violent group also got lower scores in positive-coping（ P ＜ 0.05）， but higher scores in negative-coping（ P ＜ 0.05）. Positive-coping were negatively correlated with State-anger， Trait-anger and Anger-expression（ r=-0.205， -0.147；P＜ 0.05）， while positively correlated with Anger-control（ r=0.320， 0.381；P＜ 0.05）. Meanwhile， negative-coping were positively correlated with State-anger， Trait-anger and Anger-expression（ r=0.183，0.239， 0.199，0.225；P＜0.05）； while negatively correlated with Anger-control/out（ r=-0.064，P＜0.05）. Trait-anger （OR=1.098） and negative coping（ OR=1.088） were risk factors for violence， while positive coping（ OR=0.937） were protective factors. Conclusions Violence in high school students may be related to Trait-anger and coping style. Schools should pay attention to State-Trait anger of students， identify and help students to reduce the negative emotions early in order to reduce violence.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the correlation between brain-derived neurotrophic factor（ BDNF） level in serum and Parkinson disease depression（ PDD）. Methods A total of 56 patients with Parkinson disease（ PD） and 56 healthy controls were recruited. Among the 56 PD patients， there were 23 cases of PDD and 33 cases of non-PDD. All patients' serum BDNF level was examined. Depression was assessed by PHQ-9 for PD patients. All the PD patients were evaluated with Patient Health Questionnaire-9（ PHQ-9） for their depression degree， and Hoehn-Yahr grading scale for PD patients' motor function. Results The serum BDNF level of patients with PD was（ 7.28±1.49） ng/ml， which was significantly lower than that of the control group（ 11.87±2.03） ng/ml， and the difference was statistically significant（ t=2.35，P＜0.01）. The serum BDNF level of patients with PDD was（ 4.95±1.33） ng/ml， which was lower than that of the patients with non-PDD（ 9.60±1.67） ng/ml， and the difference was statistically significant（ t=3.45，P＜ 0.01）. The comparison of serum BDNF level of PDD patients with different depression levels showed that the serum BDNF level of the severe PDD group was the lowest. The serum BDNF levels of all PDD groups were compared and analyzed with hierarchical correlation（ rs=-0.24， P ＜ 0.01）. Conclusions Serum BDNF level decreased in PD patients. Serum BDNF level was negatively correlated with PD depression. The decrease of BDNF level may be involved in the pathophysiology of PDD.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the safety and effectiveness of frameless robot guided stereotactic electroencephalography intracranial electrode implantation surgery for epilepsy patients. Methods From January to July 2018， a total of 26 patients with refractory epilepsy were preoperatively assessed by first stage evaluation， and then the implantation of intracranial electrode was performed by frameless robot guided stereotactic electroencephalography. Long-term intracranial electroencephalography was recorded and epileptogenic zone was localized. Finally resection surgery was performed. Results A total of 205 intracranial electrodes were successfully implanted in all patients. One patient had a small amount of subdural hematoma， and one patient had registration screw loosening. There were no complications such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage， electrode fracture and infection in all patients after the implantation. Conclusions The intracranial electrode implantation under the help of frameless robot guided stereotactic electroencephalography is more minimal invasive and safe.

Abstract:Objective To study the reliability of 3 indexes of upper limb H reflex in hemiplegic patients after stroke， including the maximum amplitude of H reflex and the ratio of maximum M wave（ Hmax/ Mmax）， Slope of H reflex regression line and slope ratio of M wave regression line（ Hslp / Mslp） and post-activation depression（ PAD）. To explore the correlation between the indexes and paitent clinical assessment， so as to select a reliable H-reflex measurement. Methods A total of 15 stroke convalescent hemiplegic patients hospitalized in the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine， Capital Medical University from January to August 2016 were recruited in this study. The flexor carpi radialis（ FCR） innervated by the median nerve of the hemiplegic side was examined by H-reflex for 2 consecutive days. The reliability of the three indexes was tested by intra-group correlation coefficient. At the same time， the clinical evaluation was carried out by using the modified Ashworth Spasm Scale（ MAS）， Fugl-Meyer Scale（ FMA） and Brunnstrom Staging. The correlation between the results of three H reflex test results and clinical evaluation was analyzed. Results Of the three measurements， Hmax/Mmax was the best measurement in reliability， with ICC of 0.88. The next was Hslp/Mslp （ICC=0.85）. The reliability of PAD was the lowest（ ICC=0.2）. There was no statistical correlation among Hmax/Mmax， Hslp/Mslp and clinical MAS， FMA， Brunnstrom staging. Conclusions The reliability of Hmax/Mmax and Hslp/Mslp on the affected side of FCR in post-stroke patients is the best， which can be used as a reliable index for H reflex measurements.

Abstract:Objective To explore the correlation between cystatin C and early neurological deterioration（ END） in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke（ AIS）. Methods A total of 140 patients with AIS aged over 60 treated in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from December 2017 to May 2018 were selected. According to the level of serum cystatin C， patients were divided into 2 groups， 45 in the low-level group and 95 in the high-level group. The patients were divided into END group （53 cases） and NEND group（ 87 cases without END） according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale （NIHSS）. The relationship between clinical data and END was compared. Results Hypertension， coronary heart disease， atrial fibrillation， large atherosclerosis（ LAA）， number of atherosclerotic plaques， incidence of END， infection and C-reactive protein（ CRP） values in high-level group were higher than those in low-level group， while the number of small vessel occlusion（ SVO） and uric acid values were lower than those in lowlevel group， and the differences were statistically significant（ P＜ 0.05）. The history of atrial fibrillation， the number of cardiogenic embolism（ CE）， cystatin C， white blood cell count， microalbuminuria， homocysteine， fibrinogen， NIHSS score at admission， the incidence of atherosclerotic plaque and infection rate in END group were higher than those in NEND group， while SVO and triglyceride（ TG） were lower than those in NEND group， and the differences were statistically significant（ P ＜ 0.05）. Logistic regression analysis showed that cystatin C， NIHSS score at admission， incidence of infection and elevated homocysteine level were risk factors for END after AIS in the elderly. Cystatin C， NIHSS score at admission， incidence of infection and homocysteine were positively correlated with END. Conclusions In elderly patients with normal renal function， Cystatin C level is associated with early neurological deterioration after acute stroke. Cystatin C level is a valuable predictor of early neurological deterioration after acute stroke.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the treatment of patients with memory impairment AD and the effects on the ability of mental behavior. Methods A total of 60 cases of AD patients with memory impairment who were treated in Nanchong Physical and Mental Hospital from December 2016 to June 2017 were recruited and randomly divided into control group and rTMS group. The control group was given conventional drug therapy， and the rTMS group was treated with transcranial magnetic stimulation on the basis of conventional drug therapy. The therapeutic effects of the two groups were observed and compared， including the incidence of 12 symptoms of the ability of mental behavior before and after treatment， ability of daily living and Montreal Cognitive Assessment（ MoCA）. Results The effective rate of rTMS group was 93.33%， which was significantly higher than that of the control group（ 70.00%）（ χ2=5.455， P=0.020）. There was no significant difference in the 12 symptoms of the ability of mental behavior between the two groups before treatment. After treatment， the incidence of vehemence， depression， anxiety， euphoria， indifference， depressor， irritability， sleep nocturnal behavior， hyperactivity of appetite and eating disorder was significantly lower than that of the control group， and the differences were statistically significant（ P＜ 0.05）. The score of ability of daily living of the rTMS group was higher than that of the control group after treatment， and the difference was statistically significant（ P＜ 0.01）. The vital signs of the two groups were stable in the course of treatment， and no headache， tinnitus or other adverse events occurred. Conclusions Transcranial magnetic stimulation has a food therapeutic effect on AD patients with memory impairment， and can significantly improve the patients' ability of mental behavior and daily life， which is of great clinical application value.

Abstract:Objective To explore the neurochemical changes of the hippocampus in the patients with postnatal depression. Methods A total of 20 postnatal depression patients and 20 postnatal healthy controls were recruited， and the hippocampal head， body and tail were evaluated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy （1H-MRS）. The indicators included N-acetylaspartic acid（ NAA）， choline complex（ Cho）， creatine（ Cr）， inositol （MI）， and calculated the ratio. Results The values of NAA/Cr in the bilateral hippocampal head， body of the postnatal?depression patients were significantly higher than the health controls（ P ＜ 0.05）， while there was no significant difference in the hippocampal tail between the two groups（ P＞0.05）. There were no significant differences in the value of Cho /Cr in the hippocampal head， body or tail between the two groups（ P＞0.05）. The value of MI/Cr in the bilateral hippocampal head of the postnatal depression patients was significantly decreased than the health controls（ P＜ 0.05）， while there was no significant difference in the hippocampal tail between the two groups（ P＞ 0.05）. Conclusions Metabolism of hippocampus in patients with postpartum depression changes， which may constitute the neurobiological basis of postpartum depression.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the prevalence of mental disorders in school students aged from 6 to 16 years in Zhenjiang， Jiangsu Province. Methods Students from 12 primary and secondary schools were surveyed by multistage stratified cluster random sampling and two stage survey. The students were first screened by the Chinese version of the Child Behavior Scale（ CBCL）， and then diagnosed by the International Neuropsychiatric Interview（ MINI KID）. Results Among the 6 576 students who completed the survey， 1 392 were positive for CBCL screening， with a detection rate of 21.17%（ 1 392/6 576）（ 95%CI=20.18%-22.16%）. The prevalence of mental disorders was 4.08%（ 95%CI=3.60%-4.55%）， of which 37.31%（ 100/268） had two or more mental disorders. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence between boys（ 3.84%， 122/3 178） and girls（ 4.30%， 146/3 398）. The prevalence of students aged from 6 to 11（ 3.03%， 92/3 032） was lower than those aged from 12 to 16（ 4.97%， 176/3 544）， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. Prevalence of the city students（ 2.46%， 82/3 339） was lower than that of the rural students（ 5.75%， 186/3 237）， and the difference was statistically significant（ P＜0.05）. Conclusions A considerable proportion of primary and middle school students aged from 6 to 16 years old suffer from mental disorders in Zhenjiang. The proportion of comorbidity mental disorders is high. The prevalence of mental disorders is higher in the age stage from 12 to 16 and rural students.

Abstract:Objective To investigate the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors（SSRIs） on social cognition in patients with major depressive disorders（ MDD）. Methods A total of 60 patients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 diagnostic criteria for MDD were allocated to a SSRI treatment group（ SSRITG， n=30） and a TCA treatment group（ TCATG， n=30）. The emotion intensity recognition task（ EIRT） and the interpersonal perception task-15（ IPT-15） were measured at baseline and then after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment with SSRIs or TCAs. The differences of IPT-15 scores and EIRT scores between research groups and control group were compared. Results Both SSRIs and TCAs decreased the Hamilton Depression Scale（ HAMD） scores. At baseline， the total scores and factor scores of the IPT-15 and EIRT were significantly lower in the SSRITG and TCATG than those of the controls. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of time period（ baseline， 4 weeks， and 12 weeks） and significant interactions for time period × group（ SSRITG and TCATG）. A multivariate analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the SSRITG and TCATG on IPT-15 scores and EIRT scores at the end of the 4th week， but there were significant differences between these two groups at the end of the 12th week. The score of the SSRIs was significantly higher than the TCAs group. Conclusions MDD patients have impairments in social cognitive function， which might be improved by SSRIs.

Abstract:Atypical antipsychotics（ AAP） may cause restless legs syndrome（ RLS）. There is very little research on this， only a few cases/ series of reports have been reported. Psychiatrists do not know enough about it. This article reviews the literatures to explore the clinical characteristics， pathophysiological mechanism and treatment of RLS caused by AAP.

Abstract:With the popularization and development of the Internet， online games have become increasingly popular among adolescents， and the problem of online game addiction has also emerged. Internet game addiction has caused series of negative impacts on adolescents. This article reviews the intervention methods for adolescents' online game addiction from three aspects： drug， psychology and physics， in order to provide more theoretical support for future research.

Abstract:The behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia（ BPSD） are common problems in patients with Alzheimer disease. Routine treatment is drug intervention， but the effect of drug treatment is poor and there are adverse reactions. As a non-pharmacological treatment， aromatherapy is effective， safe and convenient. It can alleviate aggressive behavior， improve mental status， and improve the quality of life and cognitive function. This article reviews the related reports.

Abstract:Postoperative cognitive dysfunction（ POCD） is an acute mental disorder with cognitive and attention impairment， which is closely related to central nervous system inflammation. However， its mechanism is still unclear. TREM2 is the trigger receptor for myeloid cells 2， and is expressed on microglia， dendritic cells and many other cells. TREM2-DAP12 is a complex specifically located on microglia and has anti-inflammatory and phagocytic effects. This article reviews the structure， physiological function of TREM2-DAP12 and the regulation of microglia on POCD and the research progress.

Abstract:In recent years， the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation in addictive behavior have become increasingly prominent. Alcohol abuse interacts directly or indirectly with the neuroimmune system， producing central immune signals， changing the expression and signaling of neuroimmune genes and leading to addiction. Microglia are primary modulators of the neuroimmune responses and inflammation in the central nervous system（ CNS）. This paper reviews literature relating to long-term alcohol exposure and microglia activation， highlighting that microglia are critical regulators of alcohol responses in the CNS， which will be essential for the development of better therapeutics for alcohol dependence.

Abstract:Suicide has been listed as the fifth cause of death. Patients who have been stricken with mental diseases are making up a higher proportion to the suicide population. Therefore， suicide risk evaluation among such population is of vital importance to safeguarding the security of patients. Comprehensive introductions to suicide risk evaluation tools for patients with mental diseases were made in the paper. This way， it aims to open up ideas for the choice of suitable evaluation tools and patient safety management by clinical medical staff.

Abstract:Primary insomnia is a common sleep disorder， and its pathogenesis and changes in brain function remain unclear. With the development of functional magnetic resonance imaging（ fMRI）， more and more people use fMRI to study primary insomnia in order to elucidate its pathogenesis. fMRI can not only record the changes of brain microstructures， but also display the functional states of corresponding brain regions in the form of images， which makes it possible to study and clarify the relationship between brain microstructures and functions. This article reviews the research progress of resting-state fMRI in primary insomnia in order to provide reference for further study of primary insomnia.

Abstract:Emptiness is an inner-subjective experience. It is primarily an internal defect or an empty feeling， associated with weakness and helplessness， which may usually leads to negative behavior like avoidance， addiction and even self-mutilation and suicide. The study reviews the predictive value of emptiness for mental diseases， focusing on the predictive function of emptiness on three categories of mental diseases： compulsive buying， borderline personality disorder， and the emptiness of suicide. Future research should further clarify the connotation and denotation of emptiness， clarifying the predictive value of emptiness for mental illness， and expanding the depth and breadth of emptiness research.