Abstract:Objective To explore biomarkers for the diagnosis of Parkinson disease （PD） and their correlation with immune infiltration based on bioinformatics and machine learning algorithms. Methods The GSE20164， GSE20314， GSE20333， and GSE24378 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus （GEO） were selected for analysis to screen for differentially expressed genes in the substantia nigra of PD patients and healthy controls. Gene Ontology （GO） enrichment analysis， Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis， LASSO Logistic regression algorithm， and random forest algorithm were used to screen hub genes， and the area under the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve （AUC） of hub genes for diagnosing PD was calculated. CIBERSORTx was used to evaluate the infiltration characteristics of 22 immune cells in PD patients. Results A total of 20 differentially expressed genes related to PD were screened， including 5 upregulated genes and 15 downregulated genes. GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that 20 differentially expressed genes were involved in dopamine biosynthesis， amine biosynthesis， toxin response， tyrosine metabolism， dopaminergic synapses， PD， synaptic vesicle circulation， and other aspects. LASSO Logistic regression algorithm and random forest algorithm screened out three diagnostic hub genes， KCNMB3， SDC1， and EPYC. The ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC for the comprehensive diagnosis of PD by the three hub genes was 0.783. Immune infiltration analysis showed that the proportion of immature B cells and monocytes in the PD group was higher than that in the healthy control group， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. There is a positive correlation between immature NK cells and activated CD4+ T cells， and the difference was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. Conclusions The KCNMB3， SDC1， and EPYC hub genes screened through LASSO algorithm and random forest algorithm show good performance in the diagnosis of PD.

Abstract:Objective To explore the anxiety and depression among psychiatric standardized training students， and analyze the mediating role of job burnout between workload and anxiety and depression. Methods From February 2021 to February 2022， 1 174 psychiatric standardized training students from Beijing Huilongguan Hospital， Peking University Sixth Hospital， Beijing Anding Hospital of Capital Medical University were selected as the research subject. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey （MBIGS）， Patient Health Questionnaire-9 （PHQ-9）， Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item （GAD-7）， and selfmade workload questionnaire were used to investigate the job burnout， anxiety， depression， and workload of standardized training students. Model 4 in the Process V3.4 plugin of SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the mediating effect of job burnout between workload and anxiety and depression. Results A total of 1 174 questionnaires were distributed， and 1 129 valid questionnaires were collected， with an effective response rate of 96.17%. There were statistically significant differences in depression among standardized training students with different training years， identity types， personal income， and educational levels （P ＜ 0.05）. There were statistically significant differences in anxiety among standardized training students with different identity types， personal income， and educational levels （P＜ 0.05）. The workload questionnaire， GAD-7， PHQ-9， and MBIGS scores of psychiatric standardized training students were 7.00（5.00，8.00）， 5.00（2.00，9.00）， 5.00（2.00， 9.00）， and 35.00（24.00，44.00）， respectively. There were positive correlations between job burnout， workload， anxiety， and depression among standardized training students， and the difference was statistically significant （r=0.421-0.838； P ＜ 0.001）. The direct predictive effect of the workload of standardized training students on anxiety and depression was significant （β=0.693， 0.465； P＜ 0.001）， workload positively predicted job burnout （β=4.728， P＜ 0.001）， job burnout positively predicted anxiety and depression （β=0.189， 0.237； P＜ 0.001）， the above differences were statistically significant. Job burnout had a partial mediating effect between workload and anxiety， with a mediating effect value of 0.868 ［95%CI （0.742， 0.998）］， accounting for 55.82% of the total effect. Job burnout partially mediated the relationship between workload and depression， with a mediating effect value of 1.092 ［95%CI （0.930， 1.254）］， accounting for 69.87% of the total effect. Conclusions Workload not only directly affects the anxiety and depression of psychiatric standardized training students， but also indirectly affects anxiety and depression through job burnout.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the impact of subjective cognitive function on the improvement of social function in patients with first-episode depression during the acute phase （within 8 weeks）. Methods This study was prospective and observational. From March 2016 to February 2017， 260 first-episode depression patients who visited the outpatient department of Beijing Anding Hospital were selected as the research subject. The severity of depressive symptoms， subjective cognitive function， and social function impairment were evaluated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale （HAMD-17）， Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression （PDQ-D）， and Sheehan Disability Scale （SDS） at baseline， on the fourth weekend， and eighth weekend， respectively. Spearman correlation was used to explore the correlation between the scores of PDQ-D， HAMD-17 and SDS. The repeated measurement mixed effect model of time-dependent variables was used to analyze the differences in subjective cognitive function of patients and the impact of subjective cognitive function on social function improvement. Results At baseline， the PDQ-D， HAMD-17， and SDS scores of first-episode depression patients were （32.85±16.48）， （23.12±4.66）， and （17.32±7.07）， respectively. On the fourth weekend， the scores were （25.75±0.96）， （13.86±0.39）， and （12.36±0.50）， respectively. On the eighth weekend， the scores were （21.69±0.97）， （10.33±0.38）， and （9.37±0.47）， respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the baseline PDQ-D score of patients was positively correlated with HAMD-17 and SDS scores， and the difference was statistically significant （r=0.30， 0.49； P＜ 0.001）. On the eighth weekend， the PDQ-D score of patients had a statistically significant impact on SDS score （P ＜ 0.001）， while education level， duration of the disease， and type of antidepressants had no significant impact on the social function impairment （P＞ 0.05）. Conclusions The changes in subjective cognitive function of first-episode depression patients during the acute phase can affect social function.

Abstract:Objective To explore the correlation between cognitive function and serum 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） and matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9） in patients with vestibular migraine （VM）. Methods Sixty VM patients at the Jining First People's Hospital from May 2021 to January 2023 were selected as the VM group， and 60 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations during the same period were selected as the control group. The Mini-Mental State Examination （MMSE） was used to evaluate the cognitive function of two groups of subjects， and the serum levels of 5-HT and MMP-9 were compared between the two groups of subjects. The frequency， duration， Dizziness Handicap Inventory （DHI）， and Visual Analogue Scale （VAS） of VM patients were collected. Spearman， Pearson correlation， and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the correlation between migraine duration， frequency， DHI score， VAS score， serum 5-HT， MMP-9 levels， and MMSE score in VM patients. Results The MMSE score of the VM group was （24.33±2.67）， and the serum 5-HT level was （335.48±91.52） μg/L， lower than the control group's （28.90±1.39）， （515.12±127.57） μg/L， the differences were statistically significant （t=-11.91， -8.86； P＜ 0.001）. The serum MMP-9 level in the VM group was （58.88±11.32） μg/L， higher than the control group （35.94±7.40） μg/L， the difference was statistically significant （t=13.14， P ＜ 0.001）. The serum 5-HT levels in VM patients were negatively correlated with the duration and frequency of vestibular migraine （r=-0.41， -0.61； P ＜ 0.05）， and positively correlated with MMSE scores （r=0.40， P ＜ 0.05）， with statistically significant differences. The serum MMP-9 level was positively correlated with the frequency of vestibular migraine （r=0.70， P＜ 0.05）， and negatively correlated with MMSE score （r=-0.47， P＜ 0.05）， and the differences were statistically significant. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age， MMP-9 level， duration of vestibular migraine， VAS score， serum 5-HT level， and DHI score were the influencing factors of cognitive function in VM patients， and the differences were statistically significant （P＜ 0.05）. Conclusions There is a correlation between serum levels of 5-HT and MMP-9 and cognitive function in VM patients.

Abstract:Objective To analyze the expression of circular RNAs HECT domain E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1 （circ_HECTD1） and miR-372-3p in the serum of patients with acute cerebral infarction （ACI） and their correlation with the severity of brain injury. Methods From January 2018 to January 2021， 100 ACI patients admitted to the Department of Neurology of the First Hospital of Xingtai were selected as the study group， and 96 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations during the same period were included in the control group. Serum circle_HECTD1 and miR-372-3p levels were measured using quantitative real-time fluorescence PCR （qRT-PCR）. The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale （NIHSS） was used to assess the severity of brain injury in patients， and patients were divided into the mild to moderate group （NIHSS score was from 0 to 15） and the severe group （the score was from 16 to 42） based on the scores. Spearman and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the correlation between the expression levels of serum circ_HECTD1 and miR-372-3p and the NIHSS score. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of brain injury severity in ACI patients. The value of serum circ_HECTD1 and miR-372-3p expression levels in diagnosing the severity of brain injury in ACI patients was analyzed through the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve. Results The serum circ_HECTD1 level in the study group was higher than that in the control group， and the miR-372-3p level was lower than that in the control group， with statistical differences （P＜ 0.05）. Compared with the mild to moderate group （n=67）， the severe group （n=33） had higher serum circ_HECTD1 levels and NIHSS scores， and lower miR-372-3p levels， with statistically significant differences （P＜ 0.05）. Correlation analysis showed that the serum circ_HECTD1 level of patients was positively correlated with NIHSS score （r=0.541， P＜0.05）， while the serum miR-372-3p level was negatively correlated with circ_HECTD1 level and NIHSS score （r=-0.370， -0.426； P＜ 0.05）， and the differences were statistically significant. The area under the ROC curve （AUC） for the combined diagnosis of serum circ_HECTD1 and miR-372-3p in ACI patients with brain injury severity was 0.80 ［95%CI （0.74， 0.86）］. Multivariate Logistic regression showed that the expression levels of serum PCT， circle_HECTD1， and miR-372-3p were statistically significant factors affecting the severity of brain injury in ACI patients （P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusions The serum circ_HECTD1 levels are high and miR-372-3p levels are low in ACI patients， which are closely related to the severity of brain injury in patients.

Abstract:Depressive disorder is a kind of affective disorder， and its pathogenesis involves multiple factors. Inflammation may be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depressive disorder. Currently， studies have shown changes in interleukin-6 （IL-6） in patients with depressive disorder. This paper summarizes the pathogenesis of IL-6 and depressive disorder， as well as the role of IL-6 in different clinical treatment methods， and explores the role of IL-6 in the occurrence and prognosis of depression， providing reference for further elucidating the activity patterns and mechanisms of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of depressive disorder.

Abstract:Alzheimer disease （AD） is the most common type of dementia， and its incidence is increasing year by year. However， the lack of specific therapeutic drugs brings a heavy burden to patients' families and society. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation （rTMS） is a mature non-invasive neuroregulatory technique widely used in the clinical adjuvant treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases. At present， rTMS achieves certain effects in the treatment of AD， but further research is needed on how to select the optimal stimulation target， frequency and other treatment parameters. This paper starts with optimizing stimulation parameters of rTMS， and reviews the effectiveness and possible mechanisms of rTMS， with the aim of providing guidance for rTMS in the treatment of AD.

Abstract:Anorexia nervosa has the characteristics of high mortality and disability rates， and its etiology and pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Brain-derived neurotrophic factors widely present in the central nervous system play an important role in neural development and appetite regulation， and are associated with the onset of anorexia nervosa. This article reviews the relationship between anorexia nervosa and brain-derived neurotrophic factors， aiming to provide reference for the etiology and future treatment of anorexia nervosa.

Abstract:Depression is a chronic mood disorder with high incidence， high relapse rate and high suicide rate. Polysaccharides play an important role in maintaining microbial imbalance and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity in the intestinal tract of living organisms. Polysaccharides also play a crucial role in regulating the homeostasis of intestinal flora and in the life processes of living organisms. The intestinal flora can influence the occurrence and development of depression through the brain-gut axis. This paper reviews the interaction between intestinal flora and polysaccharides， the role of intestinal flora in the brain-gut axis， and explores the role of polysaccharides in regulating intestinal flora in the pathogenesis of depression， with a view to providing reference for the prevention and treatment of depression.

Abstract:Ischemic stroke， craniocerebral trauma， epilepsy， brain tumor， Huntington disease， Alzheimer disease and other diseases are common and serious brain diseases in clinical practice. The pathogenesis of the above diseases involves part of the same process. Diseases can cause physiological and psychological impacts on patients， and in severe cases， can endanger their lives. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） plays an important role in the interaction between inflammation and hypoxia. In addition， HIF-1α is a major regulator of the body's adaptation to hypoxia and is highly expressed in hypoxic environment. This review summarized the composition， regulation， and biological effects of HIF-1α， as well as the role of HIF-1α in brain diseases.

Abstract:Patients with bipolar disorder （BD） exhibit persistent cognitive impairment， which has adverse effects on the course and prognosis of the disease. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） is a type of neurotrophic factor in the family of nerve growth factors， which is involved in the genesis， survival， and synaptic plasticity of neurons， and is closely related to cognitive impairment in BD patients. This paper reviews the relationship between BDNF expression levels， gene polymorphisms， and cognitive impairment in BD， as well as the study of BDNF epigenetics， BD and cognitive impairment， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for early identification and treatment of cognitive impairment in BD patients.

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